Which level of the FIPS 140-2 Encryption Standard includes requirements for zeroization and environmental protection?

The FIPS 140-2 Encryption Standard outlines various levels of security requirements for cryptographic modules, with Level 4 representing the highest level of security. At this level, robust safeguards are mandated not only for the cryptographic components but also for their physical and operational environments.

Zeroization, which refers to the process of securely erasing cryptographic keys and sensitive data, is a critical requirement at this level to ensure that when a device or module is decommissioned or when sensitive data is no longer needed, any remnants of that data are irretrievably destroyed. This level also requires environmental protection, emphasizing the importance of both physical security (such as tamper resistance) and the ability to operate securely even in adverse conditions, which prevents unauthorized access or manipulation.

These requirements ensure that the cryptographic module maintains its integrity and confidentiality, making Level 4 especially suitable for applications that demand the highest security assurances. Therefore, it effectively addresses both zeroization and environmental protection as part of its comprehensive security framework.