Which level of the FIPS 140-2 Encryption Standard requires role-based authentication and provides tamper evidence?

The level of the FIPS 140-2 Encryption Standard that mandates role-based authentication and provides tamper evidence is Level 2. At this level, additional security requirements are introduced compared to Level 1, specifically addressing the need for mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the cryptographic modules and restrict access to authorized users. Role-based authentication means that users must have specific roles, which define their access and operation capabilities within the system, enhancing security by ensuring that only individuals with the appropriate permissions can perform sensitive operations.

Furthermore, Level 2 includes provisions for tamper-evident features, which are crucial for ensuring that any unauthorized access or tampering with the module can be detected. This is typically achieved through mechanisms like seals or logs that indicate if the module has been physically compromised. These enhancements make Level 2 suitable for applications that require a higher assurance of security without the more stringent requirements of Level 3 or Level 4.